Tendencies
In this lesson, we
will go over various types of grammar that deal with tendencies. Like much of
the Advanced Section, all the grammar in this lesson are used mostly in written
works and are generally not used in conversational Japanese.
Saying something is prone to occur using 「~がち」
Vocabulary
1. 見る
【み・る】 (ru-verb) - to see
2. なる
(u-verb) - to become
3. 病気
【びょう・き】 - disease; sickness
4. 確定
【かく・てい】 - decision; settlement
5. 申告
【しん・こく】 - report; statement; filing a return
6. 確定申告 【かく・てい・しん・こく】 - final income tax return
7. 忘れる 【わす・れる】 (ru-verb) - to forget
8. 手続
【て・つづき】 - procedure, paperwork
9. 留守
【るす】 - being away from home
10. 家庭
【か・てい】 - household
11. 犬 【いぬ】 - dog
12. 猫 【ねこ】 - cat
13. 勧め
【すす・め】 - recommendation
14. 父親
【ちち・おや】 - father
15. 皆 【みんな】 - everybody
16. 心配
【しん・ぱい】 - worry; concern
17. する
(exception) - to do
This is arguably the
most useful grammar in this lesson in terms of practically. By that, I mean
that it's the only grammar here that you might actually hear in a regular
conversation though again, it is far more common in a written context.
With
this grammar, you can say that something is likely to occur by simply attaching
「がち」 to the stem of the verb. While, 「がち」 is a suffix, it works in much same way as a noun or
na-adjective. In other words, the result becomes a description of something as
being likely. This means that we can do things like modifying nouns by
attaching 「な」 and other things we're used to doing with
na-adjectives. You can also say that something is prone to be something
by attaching 「がち」 to the noun.
As the word
"prone" suggest, 「がち」 is usually used for tendencies that are bad
or undesirable.
Using 「~がち」 as a description of an action prone to occur
·
For
verbs: Attach 「がち」 to the stem of the verb.
Examples
1. 見る → 見がち
2. なる → なり → なりがち
·
For
nouns: Attach 「がち」 to the appropriate noun
Example: 病気 → 病気がち
|
Positive |
Negative |
|
|
Non-Past |
なりがち |
なりがちじゃない |
|
Past |
なりがちだった |
なりがちじゃなかった |
|
All adjectives that are conjugated with 「~がち」 become a noun/na-adjective |
||
Examples
1. 確定申告は忘れがちな手続のひとつだ。
Filing income taxes is one of those processes that one is prone to forget.
2. 留守がちなご家庭には、犬よりも、猫の方がおすすめです。
For families that tend to be away from home, cats are recommended over dogs.
3. 父親は病気がちで、みんなが心配している。
Father is prone to illness and everybody is worried.
For
more examples, check out the WWWJDIC examples.
Describing an ongoing occurrence using 「~つつ」
Vocabulary
1. テレビ - TV, television
2. 見る
【み・る】 (ru-verb) - to see
3. 寝る
【ね・る】 (ru-verb) - to sleep
4. 思う
【おも・う】 (u-verb) - to think
5. なる
(u-verb) - to become
6. 二日酔い 【ふつ・か・よい】 - hangover
7. 痛む
【いた・む】 (u-verb) - to feel pain
8. 頭 【あたま】 - head
9. 押さえる 【おさ・える】 (ru-verb) - to hold something down; to grasp
10. トイレ - bathroom; toilet
11. 入る
【はい・る】 (u-verb) - to enter
12. 体 【からだ】 - body
13. いい
(i-adj) - good
14. 最近
【さい・きん】 - recent; lately
15. 全然
【ぜん・ぜん】 - not at all (when used with negative)
16. 運動
【うん・どう】 - exercise
17. する
(exception) - to do
18. 電気
【でん・き】 - electricity; (electric) light
19. 製品
【せい・ひん】 - manufactured goods, product
20. 発展
【はっ・てん】 - development; growth; advancement
21. つれる (ru-verb) - to lead
22. ハードディスク - hard disk
23. 容量
【よう・りょう】 - capacity
24. ますます - increasingly
25. 大きい 【おお・きい】(i-adj) - big
26. ある
(u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
27. 今 【いま】 - now
28. 日本
【に・ほん】 - Japan
29. 終身
【しゅう・しん】 - lifetime
30. 雇用
【こ・よう】 - employment
31. 年功
【ねん・こう】 - long service
32. 序列
【じょ・れつ】 - order
33. 年功序列 【ねん・こう・じょ・れつ】 - seniority system
34. 言う
【い・う】 (u-verb) - to say
35. 慣行
【かん・こう】 - customary practice
36. 崩れる 【くず・れる】 (ru-verb) - to collapse; to crumble
「つつ」 is a verb modifier that can be attached to
the stem of verbs to express an ongoing occurrence. Though the meaning stays
essentially the same, there are essentially two ways to use this grammar. The
first is almost identical to the 「~ながら」 grammar. You can use 「つつ」 to describe an action that is taking place while another action
is ongoing. However, there are several major differences between 「つつ」 and 「~ながら」. First, the tone of 「つつ」 is very different from that of 「~ながら」 and you would rarely, if ever, use it for
regular everyday occurences. To go along with this, 「つつ」 is more appropriate for more literary or abstract actions such
as those involving emotions or thoughts. Second, 「~ながら」 is used to describe an auxiliary action that
takes place while the main action is going on. However, with 「つつ」, both actions have equal weight.
For example, it would
sound very strange to say the following.
·
テレビを見つつ、寝ちゃダメよ!
(Sounds unnatural)
·
テレビを見ながら、寝ちゃダメよ!
Don't watch TV while sleeping!
The second way to use
this grammar is to express the existence of a continuing process by using 「ある」, the verb for existence. Everything is the same as before
except that you attach 「ある」 to 「つつ」 to produce 「~つつある」. This is often used in magazine or newspaper
articles to describe a certain trend or tide.
Using 「~つつ」 to describe a repetitive occurrence
·
To describe an ongoing
action, attach 「つつ」 to the stem of the verb.
Examples
1. 見る → 見つつ
2. 思う → 思い → 思いつつ
·
To show the existence
of a trend or tide, add 「ある」 to 「つつ」
Example: なる →
なり → なりつつ →
なりつつある
Examples
1. 二日酔いで痛む頭を押さえつつ、トイレに入った。
Went into the bathroom while holding an aching head from a hangover.
2. 体によくないと思いつつ、最近は全然運動してない。
While thinking it's bad for body, haven't exercised at all recently.
3. 電気製品の発展につれて、ハードディスクの容量はますます大きくなりつつある。
Lead by the advancement of electronic products, hard disk drive capacities are
becoming ever larger.
4. 今の日本では、終身雇用や年功序列という雇用慣行が崩れつつある。
In today's Japan, hiring practices like life-time employment and age-based
ranking are tending to break down.
For
more examples, check out the WWWJDIC examples.
Describing a negative tendency using 「きらいがある」
Vocabulary
1. 嫌い
【きら・い】 (na-adj) - distasteful, hateful
2. 依存症 【い・ぞん・しょう】 - dependence; addiction
3. ある
(u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)
4. 多い
【おお・い】 (i-adj) - numerous
5. 大学生 【だい・がく・せい】 - college student
6. 締切日 【しめ・きり・び】 - closing day; deadline
7. ぎりぎり - at the last moment; just barely
8. 宿題
【しゅく・だい】 - homework
9. やる
(u-verb) - to do
10. コーディング - coding
11. 好き
【す・き】 (na-adj) - likable; desirable
12. 開発者 【かい・はつ・しゃ】 - developer
13. ちゃんと - properly
14. する
(exception) - to do
15. ドキュメント - document
16. 作成
【さく・せい】 - creation
17. 十分
【じゅう・ぶん】 - sufficient, adequate
18. テスト - test
19. 怠る
【おこた・る】 (u-verb) - to shirk
「きらいがある」 is a fixed expression used to describe a bad
tendency or habit. I suspect that 「きらい」 heremight have something to do
with the word for hateful: 「嫌い」. However, unlike 「嫌い」, which is a na-adjective, the 「きらい」 in this grammar functions as a noun. This is
made plain by the fact that the 「が」 particle comes right after 「きらい」, which is not allowed for adjectives. The
rest of the phrase is simply expressing the fact that the negative tendency
exists.
Using 「きらいがある」 to describe a negative tendency
·
The 「きらい」 in this grammar functions as a noun. 「ある」 is simply the existence verb for inanimate objects.
Example: 依存症のきらいがある。
Examples
1. 多くの大学生は、締切日ぎりぎりまで、宿題をやらないきらいがある。
A lot of college students have a bad tendency of not doing their homework until
just barely it's due date.
2. コーディングが好きな開発者は、ちゃんとしたドキュメント作成と十分なテストを怠るきらいがある。
Developers that like coding have a bad tendency to neglect proper documents and
adequate testing.