Japanese basic grammar topic Tendencies

Tendencies

In this lesson, we will go over various types of grammar that deal with tendencies. Like much of the Advanced Section, all the grammar in this lesson are used mostly in written works and are generally not used in conversational Japanese.

Saying something is prone to occur using 「~がち」

Vocabulary

1.    見る 【み・る】 (ru-verb) - to see

2.    なる (u-verb) - to become

3.    病気 【びょう・き】 - disease; sickness

4.    確定 【かく・てい】 - decision; settlement

5.    申告 【しん・こく】 - report; statement; filing a return

6.    確定申告 【かく・てい・しん・こく】 - final income tax return

7.    忘れる 【わす・れる】 (ru-verb) - to forget

8.    手続 【て・つづき】 - procedure, paperwork

9.    留守 【るす】 - being away from home

10.  家庭 【か・てい】 - household

11.  【いぬ】 - dog

12.  【ねこ】 - cat

13.  勧め 【すす・め】 - recommendation

14.  父親 【ちち・おや】 - father

15.  【みんな】 - everybody

16.  心配 【しん・ぱい】 - worry; concern

17.  する (exception) - to do

This is arguably the most useful grammar in this lesson in terms of practically. By that, I mean that it's the only grammar here that you might actually hear in a regular conversation though again, it is far more common in a written context.

With this grammar, you can say that something is likely to occur by simply attaching 「がち」 to the stem of the verb. While, 「がち」 is a suffix, it works in much same way as a noun or na-adjective. In other words, the result becomes a description of something as being likely. This means that we can do things like modifying nouns by attaching 「な」 and other things we're used to doing with na-adjectives. You can also say that something is prone to be something by attaching 「がち」 to the noun.

As the word "prone" suggest, 「がち」 is usually used for tendencies that are bad or undesirable.

Using 「~がち」 as a description of an action prone to occur

·     For verbs: Attach 「がち」 to the stem of the verb.
Examples

1.     → がち

2.     →  → なりがち

·     For nouns: Attach 「がち」 to the appropriate noun
Example:
病気病気がち

Positive

Negative

Non-Past

なりがち
prone to become

なりがちじゃない
is not prone to become

Past

なりがちだった
was prone to become

なりがちじゃなかった
was not prone to become

All adjectives that are conjugated with 「~がち」 become a noun/na-adjective

Examples

1.    確定申告は忘れがちな手続のひとつだ。
Filing income taxes is one of those processes that one is prone to forget.

2.    留守がちなご家庭には、犬よりも、猫の方がおすすめです。
For families that tend to be away from home, cats are recommended over dogs.

3.    父親は病気がちで、みんなが心配している。
Father is prone to illness and everybody is worried.

For more examples, check out the WWWJDIC examples.

Describing an ongoing occurrence using 「~つつ」

Vocabulary

1.    テレビ - TV, television

2.    見る 【み・る】 (ru-verb) - to see

3.    寝る 【ね・る】 (ru-verb) - to sleep

4.    思う 【おも・う】 (u-verb) - to think

5.    なる (u-verb) - to become

6.    二日酔い 【ふつ・か・よい】 - hangover

7.    痛む 【いた・む】 (u-verb) - to feel pain

8.    【あたま】 - head

9.    押さえる 【おさ・える】 (ru-verb) - to hold something down; to grasp

10.  トイレ - bathroom; toilet

11.  入る 【はい・る】 (u-verb) - to enter

12.  【からだ】 - body

13.  いい (i-adj) - good

14.  最近 【さい・きん】 - recent; lately

15.  全然 【ぜん・ぜん】 - not at all (when used with negative)

16.  運動 【うん・どう】 - exercise

17.  する (exception) - to do

18.  電気 【でん・き】 - electricity; (electric) light

19.  製品 【せい・ひん】 - manufactured goods, product

20.  発展 【はっ・てん】 - development; growth; advancement

21.  つれる (ru-verb) - to lead

22.  ハードディスク - hard disk

23.  容量 【よう・りょう】 - capacity

24.  ますます - increasingly

25.  大きい 【おお・きい】(i-adj) - big

26.  ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

27.  【いま】 - now

28.  日本 【に・ほん】 - Japan

29.  終身 【しゅう・しん】 - lifetime

30.  雇用 【こ・よう】 - employment

31.  年功 【ねん・こう】 - long service

32.  序列 【じょ・れつ】 - order

33.  年功序列 【ねん・こう・じょ・れつ】 - seniority system

34.  言う 【い・う】 (u-verb) - to say

35.  慣行 【かん・こう】 - customary practice

36.  崩れる 【くず・れる】 (ru-verb) - to collapse; to crumble

「つつ」 is a verb modifier that can be attached to the stem of verbs to express an ongoing occurrence. Though the meaning stays essentially the same, there are essentially two ways to use this grammar. The first is almost identical to the 「~ながら」 grammar. You can use 「つつ」 to describe an action that is taking place while another action is ongoing. However, there are several major differences between 「つつ」 and 「~ながら」. First, the tone of 「つつ」 is very different from that of 「~ながら」 and you would rarely, if ever, use it for regular everyday occurences. To go along with this, 「つつ」 is more appropriate for more literary or abstract actions such as those involving emotions or thoughts. Second, 「~ながら」 is used to describe an auxiliary action that takes place while the main action is going on. However, with 「つつ」, both actions have equal weight.

For example, it would sound very strange to say the following.

·         テレビを見つつ、寝ちゃダメよ!
(Sounds unnatural)

·         テレビを見ながら、寝ちゃダメよ!
Don't watch TV while sleeping!

The second way to use this grammar is to express the existence of a continuing process by using 「ある」, the verb for existence. Everything is the same as before except that you attach 「ある」 to 「つつ」 to produce 「~つつある」. This is often used in magazine or newspaper articles to describe a certain trend or tide.

Using 「~つつ」 to describe a repetitive occurrence

·     To describe an ongoing action, attach 「つつ」 to the stem of the verb.
Examples

1.     → つつ

2.     →  → 思いつつ

·     To show the existence of a trend or tide, add 「ある」 to 「つつ」
Example:
 →  → なりつつ → なりつつある

Examples

1.    二日酔いで痛む頭を押さえつつ、トイレに入った。
Went into the bathroom while holding an aching head from a hangover.

2.    体によくないと思いつつ、最近は全然運動してない。
While thinking it's bad for body, haven't exercised at all recently.

3.    電気製品の発展につれて、ハードディスクの容量はますます大きくなりつつある
Lead by the advancement of electronic products, hard disk drive capacities are becoming ever larger.

4.    今の日本では、終身雇用や年功序列という雇用慣行が崩れつつある
In today's Japan, hiring practices like life-time employment and age-based ranking are tending to break down.

For more examples, check out the WWWJDIC examples.

Describing a negative tendency using 「きらいがある」

Vocabulary

1.    嫌い 【きら・い】 (na-adj) - distasteful, hateful

2.    依存症 【い・ぞん・しょう】 - dependence; addiction

3.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

4.    多い 【おお・い】 (i-adj) - numerous

5.    大学生 【だい・がく・せい】 - college student

6.    締切日 【しめ・きり・び】 - closing day; deadline

7.    ぎりぎり - at the last moment; just barely

8.    宿題 【しゅく・だい】 - homework

9.    やる (u-verb) - to do

10.  コーディング - coding

11.  好き 【す・き】 (na-adj) - likable; desirable

12.  開発者 【かい・はつ・しゃ】 - developer

13.  ちゃんと - properly

14.  する (exception) - to do

15.  ドキュメント - document

16.  作成 【さく・せい】 - creation

17.  十分 【じゅう・ぶん】 - sufficient, adequate

18.  テスト - test

19.  怠る 【おこた・る】 (u-verb) - to shirk

「きらいがある」 is a fixed expression used to describe a bad tendency or habit. I suspect that 「きらい」 heremight have something to do with the word for hateful: 「嫌い」. However, unlike 「嫌い」, which is a na-adjective, the 「きらい」 in this grammar functions as a noun. This is made plain by the fact that the 「が」 particle comes right after 「きらい」, which is not allowed for adjectives. The rest of the phrase is simply expressing the fact that the negative tendency exists.

Using 「きらいがある」 to describe a negative tendency

·     The 「きらい」 in this grammar functions as a noun. 「ある」 is simply the existence verb for inanimate objects.
Example:
依存症きらいがある。

Examples

1.    多くの大学生は、締切日ぎりぎりまで、宿題をやらないきらいがある
A lot of college students have a bad tendency of not doing their homework until just barely it's due date.

2.    コーディングが好きな開発者は、ちゃんとしたドキュメント作成と十分なテストを怠るきらいがある
Developers that like coding have a bad tendency to neglect proper documents and adequate testing.

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Basic grammar

  • 1 :Addressing People
  • 2 :Adjective Practice Exercises
  • 3 :Adjectives
  • 4 :Advanced proximity of actions
  • 5 :Advanced Topics
  • 6 :Advanced Volitional
  • 7 :Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles
  • 8 :Basic Grammar
  • 9 :Casual Patterns and Slang
  • 10 :Causative and Passive Verbs
  • 11 :Compound Sentences
  • 12 :Conditionals
  • 13 :Covered by something
  • 14 :Defining and Describing
  • 15 :Desire and Suggestions
  • 16 :Essential Grammar
  • 17 :Expressing amounts
  • 18 :Expressing must or have to
  • 19 :Expressing State-of-Being
  • 20 :Expressing the minimum expectation
  • 21 :Expressing time-specific actions
  • 22 :Expressing various levels of certainty
  • 23 :Formal expressions of non-feasibility
  • 24 :Formal Expressions
  • 25 :Giving and Receiving
  • 26 :Hiragana
  • 27 :Honorific and Humble Forms
  • 28 :Hypothesizing and Concluding
  • 29 :Introduction to Particles
  • 30 :Introduction
  • 31 :Kanji
  • 32 :Katakana
  • 33 :Leaving something the way it is
  • 34 :Making requests
  • 35 :More negative verbs
  • 36 :Negative Verb Practice Exercises
  • 37 :Negative Verbs
  • 38 :Noun-related Particles
  • 39 :Numbers and Counting
  • 40 :Other Grammar
  • 41 :Other uses of the te-form
  • 42 :Particles used with verbs
  • 43 :Past Tense
  • 44 :Past Verb Practice Exercises
  • 45 :Performing an action on a relative clause
  • 46 :Polite Form and Verb Stems
  • 47 :Potential Form
  • 48 :Relative Clauses and Sentence Order
  • 49 :Review and more sentence-ending particles
  • 50 :Saying something is easy or difficult to do
  • 51 :Showing signs of something
  • 52 :Special expressions with generic nouns
  • 53 :Special Expressions
  • 54 :Tendencies
  • 55 :The Question Marker
  • 56 :The Writing System
  • 57 :Things that happen unintentionally
  • 58 :Things that should be a certain way
  • 59 :Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
  • 60 :Trying something out or attempting to do something
  • 61 :Using suru and naru with the ni particle
  • 62 :Using yoru for comparisons and other functions
  • 63 :Various ways to express similarity and hearsay
  • 64 :Verb Basics
  • 65 :Verb Practice Exercises