Kanji
What is Kanji?
In
Japanese, nouns and stems of adjectives and verbs are almost all written in
Chinese characters called Kanji. Adverbs are also fairly frequently
written in Kanji as well. This means that you will need to learn Chinese
characters to be able to read most of the words in the language. (Children's
books or any other material where the audience is not expected to know a lot of
Kanji is an exception to this.) Not all words are always written in Kanji
however. For example, while the verb "to do" technically has a Kanji
associated with it, it is always written in Hiragana.
This
guide begins using Kanji from the beginning to help you read "real"
Japanese as quickly as possible. Therefore, we will go over some properties of
Kanji and discuss some strategies of learning it quickly and efficiently.
Mastering Kanji is not easy but it is by no means impossible. The biggest part
of the battle is mastering the skills of learning Kanji and time.
In short, memorizing Kanji past short-term memory must be done with a great
deal of study and, most importantly, for a long time. And by this, I don't mean
studying five hours a day but rather reviewing how to write a Kanji once every
several months until you are sure you have it down for good. This is another
reason why this guide starts using Kanji right away. There is no reason to dump
the huge job of learning Kanji at the advanced level. By studying Kanji along
with new vocabulary from the beginning, the immense job of learning Kanji is
divided into small manageable chunks and the extra time helps settle learned
Kanji into permanent memory. In addition, this will help you learn new
vocabulary, which will often have combinations of Kanji you already know. If
you start learning Kanji later, this benefit will be wasted or reduced.
Learning Kanji
All
the resources you need to begin learning Kanji are on the web for free. You can
use dictionaries online such as Jim Breen's WWWJDIC or jisho.org. They both have great Kanji
dictionaries and stroke order diagrams for most Kanji. Especially for those who
are just starting to learn, you will want to repeatedly write out each Kanji to
memorize the stroke order. Another important skill is learning how to balance
the character so that certain parts are not too big or small. So make sure to
copy the characters as close to the original as possible. Eventually, you will
naturally develop a sense of the stroke order for certain types of characters
allowing you to bypass the drilling stage. All the Kanji used in this guide can
be easily looked up by copying and pasting to an online dictionary.
Reading Kanji
Almost every character
has two different readings called 音読み （おんよみ） and 訓読み（くんよみ）. 音読み is the original Chinese reading while 訓読み is the Japanese reading. Kanji that appear in
a compound or 熟語 is usually read with 音読み while one Kanji by itself is usually read
with 訓読み. For example, 「力」（ちから） is read with the 訓読み while the same character in a compound word such as 「能力」 is read with the 音読み （which is 「りょく」 in this case）.
Certain characters
(especially the most common ones) can have more than one 音読み or 訓読み. For example, in the word 「怪力」, 「力」 is read here as 「りき」 and not 「りょく」. Certain compound words also have special
readings that have nothing to do with the readings of the individual
characters. These readings must be individually memorized. Thankfully, these
readings are few and far in between.
訓読み is also used in adjectives and verbs in
addition to the stand-alone characters. These words often have a string of kana
(called okurigana) that come attached to the word.
This is so that the reading of the Chinese character stays the same even when
the word is conjugated to different forms. For example, the past form of the
verb 「食べる」 is 「食べた」. Even though the verb has changed, the reading for 「食」 remain untouched. (Imagine
how difficult things could get if readings for Kanji changed with conjugation
or even worse, if the Kanji itself changed.) Okurigana
also serves to distinguish between intransitive and transitive verbs (more on
this later).
Another concept that
is difficult to grasp at first is that the actual readings of Kanji can change
slightly in a compound word to make the word easier to say. The more common
transformations include the / h / sounds changing to either / b / or / p / sounds
or 「つ」 becoming 「っ」. Examples include: 「一本」、「徹底」、and 「格好」.
Yet another fun aspect
of Kanji you'll run into are words that practically mean the same thing and use
the same reading but have different Kanji to make just a slight difference in
meaning. For example 「聞く」（きく） means to listen and so does 「聴く」（きく）. The only difference is that 「聴く」 means to pay more attention to what you're
listening to. For example, listening to music almost always prefers 「聴く」 over 「聞く」. 「聞く」 can also mean 'to ask', as well as, "to
hear" but 「訊く」（きく） can only mean "to ask". Yet another example is the
common practice of writing 「見る」 as 「観る」 when it applies to watching a show such as a
movie. Yet another interesting example is 「書く」（かく） which means "to write" while 描く （かく） means "to draw". However, when you're depicting an
abstract image such as a scene in a book, the reading of the same word 「描く」 becomes 「えがく」. There's also the case where the meaning and
Kanji stays the same but can have multiple readings such as 「今日」 which can be either 「きょう」、「こんじつ」, or 「こんにち」. In this case, it doesn't really matter which
reading you choose except that some are preferred over others in certain
situations.
Finally, there is one
special character 々 that is really not a character. It simply
indicates that the previous character is repeated. For example, 「時時」、「様様」、「色色」、「一一」 can and usually are written as 「時々」、「様々」、「色々」、「一々」.
In addition to these
"features" of Kanji, you will see a whole slew of delightful perks
and surprises Kanji has for you as you advance in Japanese. You can decide for
yourself if that statement is sarcasm or not. However, don't be scared into
thinking that Japanese is incredibly hard. Most of the words in the language
usually only have one Kanji associated with it and a majority of Kanji do not
have more than two types of readings.
Why Kanji?
Some
people may think that the system of using separate, discrete symbols instead of
a sensible alphabet is overly complicated. In fact, it might not have been a
good idea to adopt Chinese into Japanese since both languages are fundamentally
different in many ways. But the purpose of this guide is not to debate how the
language should work but to explain why you must learn Kanji
in order to learn Japanese. And by this, I mean more than just saying, "That's
how it's done so get over it!".
You may wonder why
Japanese didn't switched from Chinese to romaji to do away with having to memorize so many
characters. In fact, Korea adopted their own alphabet for Korean to greatly
simplify their written language with great success. So why shouldn't it work
for Japanese? I think anyone who has learned Japanese for a while can easily
see why it won't work. At any one time, when you convert typed Hiragana into
Kanji, you are presented with almost always at least two choices (two
homophones) and sometimes even up to ten. (Try typing "kikan").
The limited number of set sounds in Japanese makes it hard to avoid homophones.
Compare this to the Korean alphabet which has 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Any
of the consonants can be matched to any of the vowels giving 140 sounds. In
addition, a third and sometimes even fourth consonant can be attached to create
a single letter. This gives over 1960 sounds that can be created theoretically.
(The number of sounds that are actually used is actually much less but it's
still much larger than Japanese.)
Since you want to read
at a much faster rate than you talk, you need some visual cues to instantly
tell you what each word is. You can use the shape of words in English to blaze
through text because most words have different shapes. Try this little
exercise: Hi, enve thgouh
all teh wrods aer seplled icorrenctly,
can you sltil udsternand
me?" Korean does this too because it has enough characters to make words
with distinct and different shapes. However, because the visual cues are not
distinct as Kanji, spaces needed to be added to remove ambiguities. (This
presents another problem of when and where to set spaces.)
With Kanji, we don't have to worry about
spaces and much of the problem of homophones is mostly resolved. Without Kanji,
even if spaces were to be added, the ambiguities and lack of visual cues would
make Japanese
