Japanese basic grammar topic Expressing amounts

Expressing Amounts

This lesson will cover various expressions used to express various degrees of amounts. For example, sentences like, "I only ate one", "That was all that was left", "There's just old people here", or "I ate too much" all indicate whether there's a lot or little of something. Most of these expressions are made with particles and not as separate words as you see in English.

Indicating that's all there is using だけ

Vocabulary

1.    りんご - apple

2.    これ - this

3.    それ - that

4.    食べる たべ・る (ru-verb) - to eat

5.    この - this abbr. of これの

6.    うた - song

7.    歌う うた・う (u-verb) - to sing

8.    その - that abbr. of それの

9.    ひと - person

10.  好き す・き (na-adj) - likable; desirable

11.  販売機 はん・ばい・き - vending machine

12.  五百円玉 ご・ひゃく・えん・だま - 500 yen coin

13.  小林 こ・ばやし - Kobayashi (last name)

14.  返事 へん・じ - reply

15.  来る く・る (exception) - to come

16.  準備 じゅん・び - preparations

17.  終わる お・わる (u-verb) - to end

18.  ここ - here

19.  名前 な・まえ - name

20.  書く か・く (u-verb) - to write

21.  いい (i-adj) - good

The particle だけ is used to express that that's all there is. Just like the other particles we have already learned, it is directly attached to the end of whichever word that it applies to.

Examples

1.    りんごだけ
Just apple(s) (and nothing else).

2.    これとそれだけ
Just that and this (and nothing else).

When one of the major particles are also applied to a word, these particles must come after だけ. In fact, the ordering of multiple particles usually start from the most specific to the most general.

1.    それだけは、食べないでください
Just don't eat that. (Anything else is assumed to be OK).

2.    この歌だけを歌わなかった
Didn't sing just this song.

3.    その人だけが好きだったんだ
That person was the only person I liked.

The same goes for double particles. Again だけ must come first.

·         この販売機だけでは、五百円玉が使えない
Cannot use 500 yen coin in just this vending machine.

With minor particles such as から or まで, it is difficult to tell which should come first. When in doubt, try googling to see the level of popularity of each combination. It turns out that からだけ is almost twice as popular as だけから with a hit number of 90,000 vs. 50,000.

·         小林さんからだけは、返事が来なかった
A reply has not come 
from only Kobayashi-san.

Unlike some particles, you can directly attach だけ to verbs as well.

1.    準備が終わったから、これからは食べるだけだ
Since the preparations are done, from here we just have to eat.

2.    ここに名前を書くだけでいいですか
Is it ok to just write [my] name here?

Using のみ as a formal version of だけ

Vocabulary

1.    この - this abbr. of これの

2.    乗車券 じょう・しゃ・けん - passenger ticket

3.    発売 はつ・ばい - sale

4.    当日 とう・じつ - that very day

5.    有効 ゆう・こう - effective

6.    アンケート - survey

7.    対象 たい・しょう - target

8.    大学生 だい・がく・せい - college student

A particle that is essentially identical both grammatically and in meaning to だけ is のみ. However, unlike だけ, which is used in regular conversations, のみ is usually only used in a written context. It is often used for explaining policies, in manuals, and other things of that nature. This grammar really belongs in the advanced section since formal language has a different flavor and tone from what we have seen so far. However, it is covered here because it is essentially identical to だけ. Just googling for のみ will quickly show the difference in the type of language that is used with のみ as opposed to だけ.

1.    この乗車券は発売当日のみ有効です
This boarding ticket is 
only valid on the date on which it was purchased.

2.    アンケート対象は大学生のみです
The targets of this survey are 
only college students.

Indication that there's nothing else using しか

Vocabulary

1.    これ - this

2.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

3.    見る み・る (ru-verb) - to see

4.    今日 きょう - today

5.    忙しい いそが・しい (i-adj) - busy

6.    朝ご飯 あさ・ご・はん - breakfast

7.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

8.    全部 ぜん・ぶ - everything

9.    買う か・う (u-verb) - to buy

10.  ううん - no (casual)

11.  何【なに - what

12.  もらう - to receive

13.  頑張る がん・ば・る (u-verb) - to try one's best

14.  こう - (things are) this way

15.  なる (u-verb) - to become

16.  逃げる に・げる (ru-verb) - to escape; to run away

17.  もう - already

18.  腐る くさ・る (u-verb) - to rot; to spoil

19.  捨てる す・てる (ru-verb) - to throw away

I carefully phrased the title of this section to show that しか must be used to indicate the lack of everything else. In other words, the rest of the sentence must always be negative.

·         これしかない
There's nothing but this.

The following is incorrect.

·         これしかある
(Should be using
だけ instead)

As you can see, しか has an embedded negative meaning while だけ doesn't have any particular nuance.

1.    これだけ見る
See just this.

2.    これだけ見ない
Don't see just this.

3.    これしか見ない
Don't see anything else but this.

Examples

·         今日は忙しくて、朝ご飯しか食べられなかった
Today was busy and couldn't eat anything but breakfast.

Notice that unlike だけ, it is necessary to finish off the sentence.

·         全部買うの
You're buying everything?

1.    ううん、これだけ
Nah, just this.

2.    ううん、これしか買わない
Nah, won't buy anything else but this.

3.    ううん、これしか
(Wrong, the sentence must explicitly indicate the negative.)

While the major particles always come last, it turns out that しか must come after から and まで. A google search of からしか beats しかから by an overwhelming 60,000 to 600.

·         アリスからしか何ももらってない
I didn't receive anything except from Alice.

You can also use this grammar with verbs.

1.    これから頑張るしかない
There's nothing to do but try our best!

2.    こうなったら、逃げるしかない
There no choice but to run away once it turns out like this.

3.    もう腐っているから、捨てるしかないよ
It's rotten already so there's nothing to do but throw it out.

っきゃ, an alternative to しか

Vocabulary

1.    これ - this

2.    買う か・う (u-verb) - to buy

3.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

4.    こう - (things are) this way

5.    なる (u-verb) - to become

6.    もう - already

7.    やる (u-verb) - to do

っきゃ is another version of しか that means essentially the same thing and works exactly the same way. Just substitute しか with っきゃ and you're good to go. This version is a bit stronger than しか in emphasis but it's not used nearly as often so I wouldn't worry about it too much. I briefly cover it here just in case you do run into this expression.

Examples

1.    これは買うっきゃない
There's nothing but to buy this!

2.    こうなったら、もうやるっきゃない
If things turn out like this, there nothing to do but to just do it!

Expressing the opposite of だけ with ばかり

Vocabulary

1.    なに/なん - what

2.    おばさん - middle-aged lady

3.    いや (na-adj) disagreeable; unpleasant

4.    たかし - Takashi (first name)

5.    ~君 【~くん - name suffix

6.    漫画 まん・が - comic book

7.    読む よ・む (u-verb) - to read

8.    かっこ悪い かっこ・わる・い (i-adj) - unattractive; uncool

9.    かれ - he; boyfriend

10.  麻雀【マー・ジャン - mahjong

11.  直美 なお・み - Naomi (first name)

12.  遊ぶ あそ・ぶ (u-verb) - to play

13.  最近 さい・きん - recent; lately

14.  仕事 し・ごと - job

ばかり is used to express the condition where there's so much of something to the point where there's nothing else. Notice this is fundamentally different from しか which expresses a lack of everything else but the item in question. In more casual situations, ばかり is usually pronounced ばっかり or just ばっか. For example, let's say you went to a party to find, much to your dismay, the whole room filled with middle-aged women. You might say the following.

·         何だよ!おばさんばっかりじゃないか
What the? Isn't it nothing but obasan?

Or perhaps a little more girly:

·         いやだ。おばさんばっかり
Eww. It's nothing but obasan.

Examples

·         崇君は漫画ばっかり読んでてさ。かっこ悪い
Takashi-kun is reading nothing but comic books... He's so uncool.

It is quite common in casual speech to end midsentence like this. Notice 読んでて is the te-form of 読んでいる with the 「い」 dropped. We assume that the conclusion will come somewhere later in the story.

1.    彼は麻雀ばかりです
He's nothing but mahjong. (He does nothing but play mahjong.)

2.    直美ちゃんと遊ぶばっかりでしょう
You're hanging out with Naomi-chan all the time, aren't you!

3.    最近は仕事ばっかだよ
Lately, it's nothing but work.

Saying there's too much of something using すぎる

Vocabulary

1.    過ぎる す・ぎる (ru-verb) - to exceed; to pass

2.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

3.    飲む の・む (u-verb) - to drink

4.    太る ふと・る (u-verb) - to become fatter

5.    静か しず・か (na-adj) - quiet

6.    大きい おお・きい (i-adj) - big

7.    面白い おも・しろ・い (i-adj) - interesting

8.    もったいない (i-adj) - wasteful

9.    情けない なさ・けない (i-adj) - pitiable

10.  危ない あぶ・ない (i-adj) - dangerous

11.  少ない すく・ない (i-adj) - few

12.  佐藤 さ・とう - Satou (last name)

13.  料理 りょう・り - cooking; cuisine; dish

14.  上手 じょう・ず (na-adj) - skillful

15.  また - again

16.  お酒 お・さけ - alcohol

17.  【き】 - mood; intent

18.  つける - to attach

19.  気をつける - (expression) to be careful

20.  トランク - trunk

21.  入る はい・る (u-verb) - to enter

22.  わな - trap

23.  時間 じ・かん - time

24.  足りる た・りる (ru-verb) - to be sufficient

25.  何【なに - what

26.  出来る で・き・る (ru-verb) - to be able to do

27.  かれ - he; boyfriend

28.  彼女 かの・じょ - she; girlfriend

29.  昨晩 さく・ばん - last night

30.  こと - event, matter

31.  全然 ぜん・ぜん - not at all (when used with negative)

32.  覚える おぼ・える (ru-verb) - to memorize

33.  それ - that

すぎる is a regular ru-verb written 過ぎる meaning, "to exceed". When すぎる is attached to the end of other verbs and adjectives, it means that it is too much or that it has exceeded the normal levels. For verbs, you must directly attach すぎる to the stem of the verb. For example, 食べすぎる means "to eat too much" and 飲みすぎる means "to drink too much". For adjectives, you just attach it to the end after you remove the last 「い」 from the i-adjectives (as usual). One more rule is that for both negative verbs and adjectives, one must remove the 「い」 from ない and replace with 「さ」 before attaching すぎる. There is no tense (past or non-past) associated with this grammar. Since すぎる is a regular ru-verb, this grammar always results in a regular ru-verb.

Using すぎる to indicate there's too much of something

·     For verbs: First change the verb to the stem and attach すぎる.
Examples

1.    食べ → 食べすぎる

2.     →  → 太りすぎる

·     For na-adjectives: Attach すぎる. For i-adjectives, remove the last 「い」 first before attaching すぎる.
Examples

1.    静か → 静かすぎる

2.    大き → 大きすぎる

·     For negative verbs and adjectives: Replace the last 「い」 from ない with 「さ」 and then attach すぎる
Examples

1.    食べな → 食べな → 食べなさすぎる

2.    面白くな → 面白くな→ 面白くなさすぎる

·     I-adjectives that end in ない which incorporate the negative 無い such as もったいない」(勿体無い or 情けない」(情け無い follow the third rule.
Examples

1.    もったいな → もったいな → もったいなさすぎる

2.    情けな → 情けな → 情けなさすぎる

·     Most regular i-adjectives such as 危ない or 少ない follow the regular rule (rule 2).
Examples

1.    危な → 危なすぎる

2.    少な → 少なすぎる

Examples

1.    佐藤さんは料理が上手で、また食べ過ぎました
Satou-san is good at cooking and I ate too much again.

2.    お酒を飲みすぎないように気をつけてね
Be careful to not drink too much, ok?

3.    大きすぎるからトランクに入らないぞ
It won't fit in the trunk cause it's too big, man.

4.    静かすぎる。罠かもしれないよ
It's too quiet. It might be a trap, you know.

5.    時間が足りなさすぎて、何もできなかった
Due to too much of a lack of time, I couldn't do anything.

6.    彼には、彼女がもったいなさすぎる
She is totally wasted on him (too good for him).

It is also common to change すぎる into its stem and use it as a noun.

A:昨晩のこと、全然覚えてないな
A: Man, I don't remember anything about last night.

B:それは飲みすぎだよ
B: That's drinking too much.

Adding the 「も」 particle to express excessive amounts

Vocabulary

1.    昨日【きのう - yesterday

2.    電話 でん・わ - phone

3.    ~回 【~かい - counter for number of times

4.    する (exception) - to do

5.    試験 し・けん - exam

6.    ため - for the sake/benefit of

7.    時間 【~じ・かん - counter for span of hour(s)

8.    勉強 べん・きょう - study

9.    今年 こ・とし - this year

10.  キロ - kilo

11.  太る ふと・る (u-verb) - to become fatter

When the 「も」 particle comes after some type of amount, it means that the amount indicated is way too much. For instance, let's look at the next example.

·         昨日、電話三回もしたよ
I called you like three times yesterday!

Notice that the 「も」 particle is attached to the amount "three times". This sentence implies that the speaker called even three times and still the person didn't pick up the phone. We understand this to mean that three times are a lot of times to call someone.

1.    試験のために三時間も勉強した
I studied three whole hours for the exam.

2.    今年、十キロも太っちゃった
I gained 10 whole kilograms this year!

Using ほど to express the extent of something

Vocabulary

1.    ほど - degree, extent

2.    今日 きょう - today

3.    天気 てん・き - weather

4.    それ - that

5.    暑い あつ・い (i-adj) - hot

6.    寝る ね・る (ru-verb) - to sleep

7.    時間 じ・かん - time

8.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

9.    忙しい いそが・しい (i-adj) - busy

10.  韓国 かん・こく - Korea

11.  料理 りょう・り - cooking; cuisine; dish

12.  食べる たべ・る (ru-verb) - to eat

13.  おいしい (i-adj) - tasty

14.  なる (u-verb) - to become

15.  歩く ある・く (u-verb) - to walk

16.  迷う まよ・う (u-verb) - to get lost

17.  勉強 べん・きょう - study

18.  あたま - head

19.  いい (i-adj) - good

20.  ハードディスク - hard disk

21.  容量 よう・りょう - capacity

22.  大きい おお・きい(i-adj) - big

23.  もっと - more

24.  たくさん - a lot (amount)

25.  きょく - tune

26.  保存 ほ・ぞん - save

27.  出来る で・き・る (ru-verb) - to be able to do

28.  航空券 こう・くう・けん - plane ticket

29.  安い やす・い (i-adj) - cheap

30.  限る かぎ・る (u-verb) - to limit

31.  文章 ぶん・しょう - sentence; writing

32.  短い みじか・い (i-adj) - short

33.  簡単 かん・たん (na-adj) - simple

34.  良い よ・い (i-adj) - good

The noun ほど」(程) is attached to a word in a sentence to express the extent of something. It can modify nouns as well as verbs as seen in the next example.

1.    今日の天気はそれほど暑くない
Today's weather is not hot to that extent.

2.    寝る時間がないほど忙しい
Busy to the extent that there's no time to sleep.

When you use this with conditionals, you can express something that translates into English as, "The more you [verb], the more..." The grammar is always formed in the following sequence: [conditional of verb] followed immediately by [same verb+ ほど]

·         韓国料理は食べれば食べるほど、おいしくなる
About Korean food, the more you eat the tastier it becomes.

The literal translation is, "About Korean food, if you eat, to the extent that you eat, it becomes tasty." which essentially means the same thing. The example uses the 「ば」 conditional form, but the たら conditional will work as well. Since this is a general statement, the contextual なら conditional will never work. The decided 「と」 conditional won't work very well here either since it may not always be true depending on the extent of the action.

1.    歩いたら歩くほど、迷ってしまった
The more I walked, the more I got lost.

2.    勉強をすればするほど、頭がよくなるよ
The more you study, the more you will become smarter.

You can also use this grammar with i-adjectives by using the 「ば」 conditional.

1.    iPodは、ハードディスクの容量が大きければ大きいほどもっとたくさんの曲が保存できます
About iPod, the larger the hard disk capacity, the more songs you can save.

2.    航空券は安ければ安いほどいいとは限らない
It's not necessarily the case that the cheaper the ticket, the better it is.

For na-adjectives, since you can't use the 「ば」 conditional you have to resort to the なら conditional. Because it sounds strange to use the なら conditional in this fashion, you will hardly ever see this grammar used with na-adjectives. Since ほど is treated as a noun, make sure you don't forget to use 「な」 to attach the noun to the na-adjective.

·         文章は、短ければ短いほど、簡単なら簡単なほどよいです
The shorter and simpler the sentences, the better it is.

Using 「~さ」 with adjectives to indicate an amount

Vocabulary

1.    高い たか・い (i-adj) - high; tall; expensive

2.    低い ひく・い (i-adj) - short

3.    穏やか おだ・やか (na-adj) - calm, peaceful

4.    この - this abbr. of これの

5.    ビル - building

6.    なに/なん - what

7.    いぬ - dog

8.    聴覚 ちょう・かく - sense of hearing

9.    敏感 びん・かん (na-adj) - sensitive

10.  人間 にん・げん - human

11.  比べる くら・べる (ru-verb) - to compare

12.  はるか - far more

13.  うえ - above

We will now learn how to add 「さ」 to adjectives to indicate an amount of that adjective. For example, we can attach 「さ」 to the adjective for "high" in order to get "height". Instead of looking at the height, we can even attach 「さ」 to the adjective for "low" to focus on the amount of lowness as opposed to the amount of highness. In fact, there is nothing to stop us from using this with any adjective to indicate an amount of that adjective. The result becomes a regular noun indicating the amount of that adjective.

Adding 「~さ」 to adjectives to indicate an amount

·     For i-adjectives: First remove the trailing 「い」 from the i-adjective and then attach 「さ」

1.     → 

2.     → 

·     For na-adjectives: Just attach 「さ」 to the end of the na-adjective
Example

1.    穏やか → 穏やか

The result becomes a regular noun.

Examples

1.    このビルの高さは何ですか
What is the height of this building?

2.    犬の聴覚の敏感さを人間と比べると、はるかに上だ
If you compare the level of sensitivity of hearing of dogs to humans, it is far above.

 

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Basic grammar

  • 1 :Addressing People
  • 2 :Adjective Practice Exercises
  • 3 :Adjectives
  • 4 :Advanced proximity of actions
  • 5 :Advanced Topics
  • 6 :Advanced Volitional
  • 7 :Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles
  • 8 :Basic Grammar
  • 9 :Casual Patterns and Slang
  • 10 :Causative and Passive Verbs
  • 11 :Compound Sentences
  • 12 :Conditionals
  • 13 :Covered by something
  • 14 :Defining and Describing
  • 15 :Desire and Suggestions
  • 16 :Essential Grammar
  • 17 :Expressing amounts
  • 18 :Expressing must or have to
  • 19 :Expressing State-of-Being
  • 20 :Expressing the minimum expectation
  • 21 :Expressing time-specific actions
  • 22 :Expressing various levels of certainty
  • 23 :Formal expressions of non-feasibility
  • 24 :Formal Expressions
  • 25 :Giving and Receiving
  • 26 :Hiragana
  • 27 :Honorific and Humble Forms
  • 28 :Hypothesizing and Concluding
  • 29 :Introduction to Particles
  • 30 :Introduction
  • 31 :Kanji
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  • 33 :Leaving something the way it is
  • 34 :Making requests
  • 35 :More negative verbs
  • 36 :Negative Verb Practice Exercises
  • 37 :Negative Verbs
  • 38 :Noun-related Particles
  • 39 :Numbers and Counting
  • 40 :Other Grammar
  • 41 :Other uses of the te-form
  • 42 :Particles used with verbs
  • 43 :Past Tense
  • 44 :Past Verb Practice Exercises
  • 45 :Performing an action on a relative clause
  • 46 :Polite Form and Verb Stems
  • 47 :Potential Form
  • 48 :Relative Clauses and Sentence Order
  • 49 :Review and more sentence-ending particles
  • 50 :Saying something is easy or difficult to do
  • 51 :Showing signs of something
  • 52 :Special expressions with generic nouns
  • 53 :Special Expressions
  • 54 :Tendencies
  • 55 :The Question Marker
  • 56 :The Writing System
  • 57 :Things that happen unintentionally
  • 58 :Things that should be a certain way
  • 59 :Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
  • 60 :Trying something out or attempting to do something
  • 61 :Using suru and naru with the ni particle
  • 62 :Using yoru for comparisons and other functions
  • 63 :Various ways to express similarity and hearsay
  • 64 :Verb Basics
  • 65 :Verb Practice Exercises