Japanese basic grammar topic Causative and Passive Verbs

Causative and Passive Verbs

We will now learn the last two major types of verb conjugations: causative and passive forms. These two verb conjugations are traditionally covered together because of the notorious causative-passive combination. We will now go over what all these things are and how they are used.

Causative Verbs

Vocabulary

1.    あげる (ru-verb) - to give; to raise

2.    くれる (ru-verb) - to give

3.    全部 ぜん・ぶ - everything

4.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

5.    着る き・る (ru-verb) - to wear

6.    信じる しん・じる (ru-verb) - to believe

7.    寝る ね・る (ru-verb) - to sleep

8.    起きる お・きる (ru-verb) - to wake; to occur

9.    出る で・る (ru-verb) - to come out

10.  掛ける か・ける (ru-verb) - to hang

11.  捨てる す・てる (ru-verb) - to throw away

12.  調べる しら・べる (ru-verb) - to investigate

13.  話す はな・す (u-verb) - to speak

14.  聞く き・く (u-verb) - to ask; to listen

15.  泳ぐ およ・ぐ (u-verb) - to swim

16.  遊ぶ あそ・ぶ (u-verb) - to play

17.  待つ ま・つ (u-verb) - to wait

18.  飲む の・む (u-verb) - to drink

19.  直る なお・る (u-verb) - to be fixed

20.  死ぬ し・ぬ (u-verb) - to die

21.  買う か・う (u-verb) - to buy

22.  する (exception) - to do

23.  来る く・る (exception) - to come

24.  先生 せん・せい - teacher

25.  学生 がく・せい - student

26.  宿題 しゅく・だい - homework

27.  たくさん - a lot (amount)

28.  質問 しつ・もん - question

29.  今日 きょう - today

30.  仕事 し・ごと - job

31.  休む やす・む (u-verb) - to rest

32.  その - abbreviation of それの

33.  部長 ぶ・ちょう - section manager

34.  いい (i-adj) - good

35.  長時間 ちょう・じ・かん - long period of time

36.  働く はたら・く (u-verb) - to work

37.  トイレ - bathroom; toilet

38.  行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

Verbs conjugated into the causative form are used to indicate an action that someone makes happen. Like Captain Picard so succinctly puts it, the causative verb means to "make it so". This verb is usually used in the context of making somebody do something. The really confusing thing about the causative verb is that it can also mean to let someone do something. Or maybe this is a different type of verb with the exact same conjugation rules. Whichever the case may be, a verb in the causative form can mean either making or letting someone do something. The only good news is that when the causative form is used with あげる and くれる, it almost always means to "let someone do". Once you get used to it, surprisingly, it becomes quite clear which meaning is being used when.

1.    全部食べさせた
Made/Let (someone) eat it all.

2.    全部食べさせてくれた
Let (someone) eat it all.

Causative Conjugation Rules
Here are the conjugation rules for the causative form. All causative verbs become ru-verbs.

·     For ru-verbs: Replace the last 「る」 with させる.

·     For u-verbs: Change the last character as you would for negative verbs but attach せる instead of ない.

·     Exception Verbs:

1.    する becomes させる

2.    くる becomes こさせる.

Plain

Causative

食べ

食べさせる

させる

信じ

信じさせる

させる

起き

起きさせる

させる

掛け

掛けさせる

捨て

捨てさせる

調べ

調べさせる

Sample ru-verbs

    

    

Positive

Causative

 

する

させる

 

くる

こさせる

 

Exception Verbs

 

 

Examples

Here are some examples using the causative verb. Context will usually tell you which is being meant, but for our purposes we will assume that when the verb is used with あげる and くれる」(ください it means "to letsomeone do" while it means, "to make someone do" when used without it.

1.    先生が学生に宿題をたくさんさせた
Teacher made students do lots of homework.

2.    先生が質問をたくさん聞かせてくれた
Teacher let (someone) ask lots of questions.

3.    今日は仕事を休ませてください
Please let me rest from work today. (Please let me take the day off today.)

4.    その部長は、よく長時間働かせる
That manager often makes (people) work long hours.

When asking for permission to let someone do something, it is more common to use the 「~てもいい grammar.

1.    トイレに行かせてくれます
Can you let me go to the bathroom? (Sounds like a prisoner, even in English)

2.    トイレに行ってもいいですか
Is it ok to go to the bathroom? (No problem here)

A Shorter Alternative

Vocabulary

1.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

2.    行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

3.    する (exception) - to do

4.    来る く・る (exception) - to come

5.    同じ おな・じ - same

6.    こと - event, matter

7.    何回 なん・かい - how many times

8.    言う い・う (u-verb) - to say

9.    お腹 お・なか - stomach

10.  空く あ・く (u-verb) - to become empty

11.  なに/なん - what

12.  くれる (ru-verb) - to give

There is a shorter version of the causative conjugation, which I will go over for completeness. However, since this version is mostly used in very rough slang, you are free to skip this section until you've had time to get used to the regular form. Also, textbooks usually don't cover this version of the causative verb.

The key difference in this version is that all verbs become an u-verbs with a 「す」 ending. Therefore, the resulting verb would conjugate just like any other u-verb ending in 「す」 such as 話す or 指す. The first part of the conjugation is the same as the original causative form. However, for ru-verbs, instead of attaching させる, you attach さす and for u-verbs, you attach 「す」 instead of せる. As a result, all the verbs become an u-verb ending in 「す」.

Shortened Causative Form

·     This form is rarely used so you may just want to stick with the more traditional version of the causative form.

·         For ru-verbs: Replace the last 「る」 with さす.
Example
食べ → 食べさす

·         For u-verbs: Change the last character as you would for negative verbs but attach 「す」 instead of ない.
Example
 →  → 行か

·         Exception Verbs:

1.    する becomes さす

2.    くる becomes こさす

Examples

1.    同じことを何回も言わすな
Don't make me say the same thing again and again!

2.    お腹空いているんだから、なんか食べさしてくれよ
I'm hungry so let me eat something.

Passive Verbs

Vocabulary

1.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

2.    着る き・る (ru-verb) - to wear

3.    信じる しん・じる (ru-verb) - to believe

4.    寝る ね・る (ru-verb) - to sleep

5.    起きる お・きる (ru-verb) - to wake; to occur

6.    出る で・る (ru-verb) - to come out

7.    掛ける か・ける (ru-verb) - to hang

8.    捨てる す・てる (ru-verb) - to throw away

9.    調べる しら・べる (ru-verb) - to investigate

10.  話す はな・す (u-verb) - to speak

11.  聞く き・く (u-verb) - to ask; to listen

12.  泳ぐ およ・ぐ (u-verb) - to swim

13.  遊ぶ あそ・ぶ (u-verb) - to play

14.  待つ ま・つ (u-verb) - to wait

15.  飲む の・む (u-verb) - to drink

16.  直る なお・る (u-verb) - to be fixed

17.  死ぬ し・ぬ (u-verb) - to die

18.  買う か・う (u-verb) - to buy

19.  する (exception) - to do

20.  来る く・る (exception) - to come

21.  ポリッジ - porridge

22.  だれ - who

23.  みんな - everybody

24.  へん (na-adj) - strange

25.  言う い・う (u-verb) - to say

26.  ひかり - light

27.  速い はや・い (i-adj) - fast

28.  超える こ・える (ru-verb) - to exceed

29.  不可能 ふ・か・のう - impossible

30.  思う おも・う (u-verb) - to think

31.  この - this abbr. of これの

32.  教科書 きょう・か・しょ - textbook

33.  多い おお・い (i-adj) - numerous

34.  ひと - person

35.  読む よ・む (u-verb) - to read

36.  外国人 がい・こく・じん - foreigner

37.  質問 しつ・もん - question

38.  答える こた・える (ru-verb) - to answer

39.  パッケージ - package

40.  あらゆる - all

41.  含む ふく・む (u-verb) - to include

Passive verbs are verbs that are done to the (passive) subject. Unlike English style of writing which discourages the use of the passive form, passive verbs in Japanese are often used in essays and articles.

Passive Conjugation Rules
All passive verbs become ru-verbs.

·     For ru-verbs: Replace the last 「る」 with られる

·     For u-verbs: Change the last character as you would for negative verbs but attach れる instead of ない.

·     Exception Verbs:

1.    する becomes される

2.    くる becomes こられる

Plain

Passive

食べ

食べられる

られる

信じ

信じられる

られる

起き

起きられる

られる

掛け

掛けられる

捨て

捨てられる

調べ

調べられる

Sample ru-verbs

    

    

Plain

Passive

 

される

 

かれる

 

がれる

 

ばれる

 

たれる

 

まれる

 

られる

 

なれる

 

われる

 

Sample u-verbs

 

Positive

Passive

 

する

される

 

くる

こられる

 

Exception Verbs

 

 

Examples

1.    ポリッジが誰かに食べられた
The porridge was eaten by somebody!

2.    みんなに変だと言われます
I am told by everybody that (I'm) strange.

3.    光の速さを超えるのは、不可能だと思われる
Exceeding the speed of light is thought to be impossible.

4.    この教科書は多くの人に読まれている
This textbook is being read by a large number of people.

5.    外国人に質問を聞かれたが、答えられなかった
I was asked a question by a foreigner but I couldn't answer.

6.    このパッケージには、あらゆるものが含まれている
Everything is included in this package.

 

 

 

Using passive form to show politeness

Vocabulary

1.    どう - how

2.    する (exception) - to do

3.    領収証 りょう・しゅう・しょう - receipt

4.    明日 あした - tomorrow

5.    会議 かい・ぎ - meeting

6.    行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

While we will go over various types of grammar that express a politeness level above the normal -masu/-desu forms in the next lesson, it is useful to know that using passive form is another more polite way to express an action. In Japanese, a sentence is usually more polite when it is less direct. For example, it is more polite to refer to someone by his or her name and not by the direct pronoun "you". It is also more polite to ask a negative question than a positive one. (For example, しますか?」 vs. しませんか?」) In a similar sense, using the passive form makes the sentence less direct because the subject does not directly perform the action. This makes it sound more polite. Here is the same sentence in increasing degrees of politeness.

1.    どうする - What will you do? (lit: How do?)

2.    どうしますか - Regular polite.

3.    どうされますか- Passive polite.

4.    どうなさいますか- Honorific (to be covered next lesson)

5.    どうなさいますでしょうか- Honorific + a lesser degree of certainty.

Notice how the same sentence grows longer and longer as you get more and more indirect.

Examples

1.    領収証はどうされます
What about your receipt? (lit: How will you do receipt?)

2.    明日の会議に行かれるんですか
Are you going to tomorrow's meeting?

Causative-Passive Forms

Vocabulary

1.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

2.    行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

3.    朝ご飯 あさ・ご・はん - breakfast

4.    日本 に・ほん - Japan

5.    お酒 お・さけ - alcohol

6.    飲む の・む (u-verb) - to drink

7.    こと - event, matter

8.    多い おお・い (i-adj) - numerous

9.    あいつ - that guy (derogatory)

10.  時間 【~じ・かん - counter for span of hour(s)

11.  待つ ま・つ (u-verb) - to wait

12.  おや - parent

13.  宿題 しゅく・だい - homework

14.  する (exception) - to do

The causative-passive form is simply the combination of causative and passive conjugations to mean that the action of making someone do something was done to that person. This would effectively translate into, "[someone] is made to do [something]". The important thing to remember is the order of conjugation. The verb is first conjugated to the causative and then passive, never the other way around.

Causative-Passive Conjugation Form
The causative-passive verb is formed by first conjugating to the causative form and then by conjugating the result to the passive form.
Examples

1.  食べ → 食べさせ → 食べさせられる

2.   → かせ → 行かせられる

Examples

1.    朝ご飯は食べたくなかったのに、食べさせられた
Despite not wanting to eat breakfast, I 
was made to eat it.

2.    日本では、お酒を飲ませられることが多い
In Japan, the event of 
being made to drink is numerous.

3.    あいつに二時間も待たせられた
was made to wait 2 hours by that guy.

4.    親に毎日宿題をさせられる
am made to do homework everyday by my parent(s).

A Shorter Alternative

Vocabulary

1.    行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

2.    立つ た・つ (u-verb) - to stand

3.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

4.    話す はな・す (u-verb) - to speak

5.    学生 がく・せい - student

6.    廊下 ろう・か - hall, corridor

7.    日本 に・ほん - Japan

8.    お酒 お・さけ - alcohol

9.    飲む の・む (u-verb) - to drink

10.  こと - event, matter

11.  多い おお・い (i-adj) - numerous

12.  あいつ - that guy (derogatory)

13.  時間 【~じ・かん - counter for span of hour(s)

14.  待つ ま・つ (u-verb) - to wait

Going along with the shorter causative alternative, you can also use the same conjugation for the causative-passive form. I won't cover it in too much detail because the usefulness of this form is rather limited just like the shorter causative form itself. The idea is to simply used the shortened causative form instead of using the regular causative conjugation. The rest is the same as before.

Shortened causative-passive form examples
First conjugate to the shortened causative form. Then conjugate to the passive form.
Examples

1.   →  → 行か → 行かされる

2.   →  → 立た → 立たされる

This form cannot be used in cases where the shorter causative form ends in さす, in other words, you can't have a さされる ending.

Verbs that cannot be used in this form
Examples of verbs you can't use in this form.

1.  食べ → 食べさす → 食べさされる

2.   → さす → さされる

Examples

1.    学生が廊下に立たされた
The student 
was made to stand in the hall.

2.    日本では、お酒を飲まされることが多い
In Japan, the event of 
being made to drink is numerous.

3.    あいつに二時間も待たされた
was made to wait 2 hours by that guy.

 

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Basic grammar

  • 1 :Addressing People
  • 2 :Adjective Practice Exercises
  • 3 :Adjectives
  • 4 :Advanced proximity of actions
  • 5 :Advanced Topics
  • 6 :Advanced Volitional
  • 7 :Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles
  • 8 :Basic Grammar
  • 9 :Casual Patterns and Slang
  • 10 :Causative and Passive Verbs
  • 11 :Compound Sentences
  • 12 :Conditionals
  • 13 :Covered by something
  • 14 :Defining and Describing
  • 15 :Desire and Suggestions
  • 16 :Essential Grammar
  • 17 :Expressing amounts
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  • 19 :Expressing State-of-Being
  • 20 :Expressing the minimum expectation
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  • 22 :Expressing various levels of certainty
  • 23 :Formal expressions of non-feasibility
  • 24 :Formal Expressions
  • 25 :Giving and Receiving
  • 26 :Hiragana
  • 27 :Honorific and Humble Forms
  • 28 :Hypothesizing and Concluding
  • 29 :Introduction to Particles
  • 30 :Introduction
  • 31 :Kanji
  • 32 :Katakana
  • 33 :Leaving something the way it is
  • 34 :Making requests
  • 35 :More negative verbs
  • 36 :Negative Verb Practice Exercises
  • 37 :Negative Verbs
  • 38 :Noun-related Particles
  • 39 :Numbers and Counting
  • 40 :Other Grammar
  • 41 :Other uses of the te-form
  • 42 :Particles used with verbs
  • 43 :Past Tense
  • 44 :Past Verb Practice Exercises
  • 45 :Performing an action on a relative clause
  • 46 :Polite Form and Verb Stems
  • 47 :Potential Form
  • 48 :Relative Clauses and Sentence Order
  • 49 :Review and more sentence-ending particles
  • 50 :Saying something is easy or difficult to do
  • 51 :Showing signs of something
  • 52 :Special expressions with generic nouns
  • 53 :Special Expressions
  • 54 :Tendencies
  • 55 :The Question Marker
  • 56 :The Writing System
  • 57 :Things that happen unintentionally
  • 58 :Things that should be a certain way
  • 59 :Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
  • 60 :Trying something out or attempting to do something
  • 61 :Using suru and naru with the ni particle
  • 62 :Using yoru for comparisons and other functions
  • 63 :Various ways to express similarity and hearsay
  • 64 :Verb Basics
  • 65 :Verb Practice Exercises