Causative and Passive Verbs
We will now learn the
last two major types of verb conjugations: causative and passive forms. These
two verb conjugations are traditionally covered together because of the
notorious causative-passive combination. We will now go over what all these
things are and how they are used.
Causative Verbs
Vocabulary
1. あげる (ru-verb) - to
give; to raise
2. くれる (ru-verb) - to give
3. 全部 【ぜん・ぶ】 - everything
4. 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
5. 着る 【き・る】 (ru-verb) - to wear
6. 信じる 【しん・じる】 (ru-verb) - to
believe
7. 寝る 【ね・る】 (ru-verb) - to
sleep
8. 起きる 【お・きる】 (ru-verb) - to
wake; to occur
9. 出る 【で・る】 (ru-verb) - to come
out
10. 掛ける 【か・ける】 (ru-verb) - to hang
11. 捨てる 【す・てる】 (ru-verb) - to
throw away
12. 調べる 【しら・べる】 (ru-verb) - to
investigate
13. 話す 【はな・す】 (u-verb) - to speak
14. 聞く 【き・く】 (u-verb) - to ask; to listen
15. 泳ぐ 【およ・ぐ】 (u-verb) - to swim
16. 遊ぶ 【あそ・ぶ】 (u-verb) - to play
17. 待つ 【ま・つ】 (u-verb) - to wait
18. 飲む 【の・む】 (u-verb) - to drink
19. 直る 【なお・る】 (u-verb) - to be fixed
20. 死ぬ 【し・ぬ】 (u-verb) - to die
21. 買う 【か・う】 (u-verb) - to buy
22. する (exception) - to do
23. 来る 【く・る】 (exception) - to come
24. 先生 【せん・せい】 - teacher
25. 学生 【がく・せい】 - student
26. 宿題 【しゅく・だい】 - homework
27. たくさん - a lot (amount)
28. 質問 【しつ・もん】 - question
29. 今日 【きょう】 - today
30. 仕事 【し・ごと】 - job
31. 休む 【やす・む】 (u-verb) - to rest
32. その - abbreviation of 「それの」
33. 部長 【ぶ・ちょう】 - section manager
34. いい (i-adj) - good
35. 長時間 【ちょう・じ・かん】 - long period of time
36. 働く 【はたら・く】 (u-verb) - to work
37. トイレ - bathroom; toilet
38. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
Verbs
conjugated into the causative form are used to indicate an action that someone
makes happen. Like Captain Picard so succinctly puts it, the causative verb
means to "make it so". This verb is usually used in the context of
making somebody do something. The really confusing thing about the causative
verb is that it can also mean to let someone do something. Or
maybe this is a different type of verb with the exact same conjugation rules.
Whichever the case may be, a verb in the causative form can mean either making
or letting someone do something. The only good news is that when the causative
form is used with 「あげる」 and 「くれる」, it almost always means to "let someone
do". Once you get used to it, surprisingly, it becomes quite clear which
meaning is being used when.
1. 全部食べさせた。
Made/Let (someone) eat it all.
2. 全部食べさせてくれた。
Let (someone) eat it all.
Causative Conjugation Rules
Here are the conjugation rules for the causative form. All causative verbs
become ru-verbs.
·
For
ru-verbs: Replace the last 「る」 with 「させる」.
·
For
u-verbs: Change the last
character as you would for negative verbs but attach 「せる」 instead of 「ない」.
·
Exception
Verbs:
1. 「する」 becomes 「させる」
2. 「くる」 becomes 「こさせる」.
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Positive |
Causative |
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する |
させる |
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くる |
こさせる |
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Exception Verbs |
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Examples
Here
are some examples using the causative verb. Context will usually tell you which
is being meant, but for our purposes we will assume that when the verb is used
with 「あげる」 and 「くれる」(ください) it means "to letsomeone
do" while it means, "to make someone do" when
used without it.
1. 先生が学生に宿題をたくさんさせた。
Teacher made students do lots of homework.
2. 先生が質問をたくさん聞かせてくれた。
Teacher let (someone) ask lots of questions.
3. 今日は仕事を休ませてください。
Please let me rest from work today. (Please let me take the day off today.)
4. その部長は、よく長時間働かせる。
That manager often makes (people) work long hours.
When
asking for permission to let someone do something, it is more common to use the
「~てもいい」 grammar.
1. トイレに行かせてくれますか。
Can you let me go to the bathroom? (Sounds like a prisoner, even in English)
2. トイレに行ってもいいですか。
Is it ok to go to the bathroom? (No problem here)
A Shorter Alternative
Vocabulary
1. 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
2. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
3. する (exception) - to do
4. 来る 【く・る】 (exception) - to come
5. 同じ 【おな・じ】 - same
6. こと - event, matter
7. 何回 【なん・かい】 - how many times
8. 言う 【い・う】 (u-verb) - to say
9. お腹 【お・なか】 - stomach
10. 空く 【あ・く】 (u-verb) - to become empty
11. 何 【なに/なん】 - what
12. くれる (ru-verb) - to give
There is a shorter
version of the causative conjugation, which I will go over for completeness.
However, since this version is mostly used in very rough slang, you are free to
skip this section until you've had time to get used to the regular form. Also,
textbooks usually don't cover this version of the causative verb.
The
key difference in this version is that all verbs become an
u-verbs with a 「す」 ending. Therefore, the resulting verb would
conjugate just like any other u-verb ending in 「す」 such as 「話す」 or 「指す」. The first part of the conjugation is the
same as the original causative form. However, for ru-verbs,
instead of attaching 「させる」, you attach 「さす」 and for u-verbs, you attach 「す」 instead of 「せる」. As a result, all the verbs become an
u-verb ending in 「す」.
Shortened Causative Form
·
This form is rarely
used so you may just want to stick with the more traditional version of the
causative form.
·
For
ru-verbs: Replace the last 「る」 with 「さす」.
Example
食べる → 食べさす
·
For
u-verbs: Change the last
character as you would for negative verbs but attach 「す」 instead of 「ない」.
Example
行く → 行か → 行かす
·
Exception
Verbs:
1. 「する」 becomes 「さす」
2. 「くる」 becomes 「こさす」
Examples
1. 同じことを何回も言わすな!
Don't make me say the same thing again and again!
2. お腹空いているんだから、なんか食べさしてくれよ。
I'm hungry so let me eat something.
Passive Verbs
Vocabulary
1. 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
2. 着る 【き・る】 (ru-verb) - to wear
3. 信じる 【しん・じる】 (ru-verb) - to
believe
4. 寝る 【ね・る】 (ru-verb) - to
sleep
5. 起きる 【お・きる】 (ru-verb) - to
wake; to occur
6. 出る 【で・る】 (ru-verb) - to come
out
7. 掛ける 【か・ける】 (ru-verb) - to hang
8. 捨てる 【す・てる】 (ru-verb) - to
throw away
9. 調べる 【しら・べる】 (ru-verb) - to
investigate
10. 話す 【はな・す】 (u-verb) - to speak
11. 聞く 【き・く】 (u-verb) - to ask; to listen
12. 泳ぐ 【およ・ぐ】 (u-verb) - to swim
13. 遊ぶ 【あそ・ぶ】 (u-verb) - to play
14. 待つ 【ま・つ】 (u-verb) - to wait
15. 飲む 【の・む】 (u-verb) - to drink
16. 直る 【なお・る】 (u-verb) - to be fixed
17. 死ぬ 【し・ぬ】 (u-verb) - to die
18. 買う 【か・う】 (u-verb) - to buy
19. する (exception) - to do
20. 来る 【く・る】 (exception) - to come
21. ポリッジ - porridge
22. 誰 【だれ】 - who
23. 皆 【みんな】 - everybody
24. 変 【へん】 (na-adj) - strange
25. 言う 【い・う】 (u-verb) - to say
26. 光 【ひかり】 - light
27. 速い 【はや・い】 (i-adj) - fast
28. 超える 【こ・える】 (ru-verb) - to
exceed
29. 不可能 【ふ・か・のう】 - impossible
30. 思う 【おも・う】 (u-verb) - to think
31. この - this (abbr. of これの)
32. 教科書 【きょう・か・しょ】 - textbook
33. 多い 【おお・い】 (i-adj) - numerous
34. 人 【ひと】 - person
35. 読む 【よ・む】 (u-verb) - to read
36. 外国人 【がい・こく・じん】 - foreigner
37. 質問 【しつ・もん】 - question
38. 答える 【こた・える】 (ru-verb) - to
answer
39. パッケージ - package
40. あらゆる - all
41. 含む 【ふく・む】 (u-verb) - to include
Passive verbs are
verbs that are done to the (passive) subject. Unlike English style of writing
which discourages the use of the passive form, passive verbs in Japanese are
often used in essays and articles.
Passive Conjugation Rules
All passive verbs become ru-verbs.
·
For
ru-verbs: Replace the last 「る」 with 「られる」
·
For
u-verbs: Change the last
character as you would for negative verbs but attach 「れる」 instead of 「ない」.
·
Exception
Verbs:
1. 「する」 becomes 「される」
2. 「くる」 becomes 「こられる」
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Plain |
Passive |
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話す |
話される |
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聞く |
聞かれる |
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泳ぐ |
泳がれる |
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遊ぶ |
遊ばれる |
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待つ |
待たれる |
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飲む |
飲まれる |
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直る |
直られる |
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死ぬ |
死なれる |
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買う |
買われる |
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Sample u-verbs |
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Positive |
Passive |
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する |
される |
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くる |
こられる |
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Exception Verbs |
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Examples
1. ポリッジが誰かに食べられた!
The porridge was eaten by somebody!
2. みんなに変だと言われます。
I am told by everybody that (I'm) strange.
3. 光の速さを超えるのは、不可能だと思われる。
Exceeding the speed of light is thought to be impossible.
4. この教科書は多くの人に読まれている。
This textbook is being read by a large number of people.
5. 外国人に質問を聞かれたが、答えられなかった。
I was asked a question by a foreigner but I couldn't answer.
6. このパッケージには、あらゆるものが含まれている。
Everything is included in this package.
Using passive form to show politeness
Vocabulary
1. どう - how
2. する (exception) - to do
3. 領収証 【りょう・しゅう・しょう】 - receipt
4. 明日 【あした】 - tomorrow
5. 会議 【かい・ぎ】 - meeting
6. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
While we will go over
various types of grammar that express a politeness level above the normal -masu/-desu forms in the next lesson, it is useful to know that using passive form is
another more polite way to express an action. In Japanese, a sentence is usually
more polite when it is less direct. For example, it is more polite to refer to
someone by his or her name and not by the direct pronoun "you". It is
also more polite to ask a negative question than a positive one. (For example, 「しますか?」 vs. 「 しませんか?」)
In a similar sense, using the passive form makes the sentence less direct
because the subject does not directly perform the action. This makes it sound
more polite. Here is the same sentence in increasing degrees of politeness.
1. どうする? - What will you do? (lit: How do?)
2. どうしますか? - Regular polite.
3. どうされますか?- Passive polite.
4. どうなさいますか?- Honorific (to be
covered next lesson)
5. どうなさいますでしょうか?- Honorific + a lesser
degree of certainty.
Notice how the same
sentence grows longer and longer as you get more and more indirect.
Examples
1. 領収証はどうされますか?
What about your receipt? (lit: How will you do
receipt?)
2. 明日の会議に行かれるんですか?
Are you going to tomorrow's meeting?
Causative-Passive Forms
Vocabulary
1. 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
2. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
3. 朝ご飯 【あさ・ご・はん】 - breakfast
4. 日本 【に・ほん】 - Japan
5. お酒 【お・さけ】 - alcohol
6. 飲む 【の・む】 (u-verb) - to drink
7. こと - event, matter
8. 多い 【おお・い】 (i-adj) - numerous
9. あいつ - that guy (derogatory)
10. ~時間 【~じ・かん】 - counter for span of hour(s)
11. 待つ 【ま・つ】 (u-verb) - to wait
12. 親 【おや】 - parent
13. 宿題 【しゅく・だい】 - homework
14. する (exception) - to do
The causative-passive
form is simply the combination of causative and passive conjugations to mean
that the action of making someone do something was done to that person. This
would effectively translate into, "[someone] is made to do [something]".
The important thing to remember is the order of conjugation. The verb is first
conjugated to the causative and then passive, never the other way around.
Causative-Passive Conjugation Form
The causative-passive verb is formed by first conjugating to the causative form
and then by conjugating the result to the passive form.
Examples
1. 食べる → 食べさせる → 食べさせられる
2. 行く → 行かせる → 行かせられる
Examples
1. 朝ご飯は食べたくなかったのに、食べさせられた。
Despite not wanting to eat breakfast, I was made to eat it.
2. 日本では、お酒を飲ませられることが多い。
In Japan, the event of being
made to drink is numerous.
3. あいつに二時間も待たせられた。
I was made to wait 2 hours by that guy.
4. 親に毎日宿題をさせられる。
I am made to do homework everyday by my parent(s).
A Shorter Alternative
Vocabulary
1. 行く 【い・く】 (u-verb) - to go
2. 立つ 【た・つ】 (u-verb) - to stand
3. 食べる 【た・べる】 (ru-verb) - to eat
4. 話す 【はな・す】 (u-verb) - to speak
5. 学生 【がく・せい】 - student
6. 廊下 【ろう・か】 - hall, corridor
7. 日本 【に・ほん】 - Japan
8. お酒 【お・さけ】 - alcohol
9. 飲む 【の・む】 (u-verb) - to drink
10. こと - event, matter
11. 多い 【おお・い】 (i-adj) - numerous
12. あいつ - that guy (derogatory)
13. ~時間 【~じ・かん】 - counter for span of hour(s)
14. 待つ 【ま・つ】 (u-verb) - to wait
Going along with the
shorter causative alternative, you can also use the same conjugation for the
causative-passive form. I won't cover it in too much detail because the
usefulness of this form is rather limited just like the shorter causative form
itself. The idea is to simply used the shortened
causative form instead of using the regular causative conjugation. The rest is
the same as before.
Shortened causative-passive form examples
First conjugate to the shortened causative form. Then
conjugate to the passive form.
Examples
1. 行く → 行か → 行かす → 行かされる
2. 立つ → 立た → 立たす → 立たされる
This form cannot be
used in cases where the shorter causative form ends in 「さす」, in other words, you can't have a 「さされる」 ending.
Verbs that cannot be used in this form
Examples of verbs you can't use in this form.
1. 食べる → 食べさす → 食べさされる
2. 話す → 話さす → 話さされる
Examples
1. 学生が廊下に立たされた。
The student was made to stand in the hall.
2. 日本では、お酒を飲まされることが多い。
In Japan, the event of being
made to drink is numerous.
3. あいつに二時間も待たされた。
I was made to wait 2 hours by that guy.