Japanese basic grammar topic Advanced Volitional

Advanced Volitional

We learned in a previous lesson that the volitional form is used when one is set out to do something. In this section, we're going to cover some other ways in which the volitional form is used, most notably, the negative volitional form.

Negative Volitional

Vocabulary

1.    見る み・る (ru-verb) - to see

2.    行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

3.    する (exception) - to do

4.    来る く・る (exception) - to come

5.    なる (u-verb) - to become

6.    相手 あい・て - other party

7.    けん - sword

8.    達人 たつ・じん - master, expert

9.    そう - (things are) that way

10.  簡単 かん・たん (na-adj) - simple

11.  勝つ か・つ (u-verb) - to win

12.  そんな - that sort of

13.  無茶 む・ちゃ - unreasonable; excessive

14.  手段 しゅ・だん - method

15.  認める みと・める (ru-verb) - to recognize, to acknowledge

16.  その - that abbr. of それの

17.  とき - time

18.  決して けっ・して - by no means; decidedly

19.  かれ - he; boyfriend

20.  会う あ・う (u-verb) - to meet

21.  こころ - heart; mind

22.  決める き・める (ru-verb) - to decide

23.  あの - that (over there) abbr. of あれの

24.  ひと - person

25.  ~度 【~ど】 - counter for number of times

26.  うそ - lie

27.  つく (u-verb) - to be attached

28.  誓う つか・う (u-verb) - to swear, to pledge

29.  明日 あした - tomorrow

30.  やめる (ru-verb) - to stop; to quit

31.  にく - meat

32.  食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

You may have seen the negative volitional form in a verb conjugation table and wondered, "What the heck is that used for?" Well the answer is not much, or to put it more accurately, there are various ways it can be used but almost all of them are extremely stiff and formal. In fact, it's so rare that I only found one explanation in English on the web or anywhere else. (I also found this one in Japanese.)

The negative volitional is used to express negative intention. This means that there is a will for something tonot happen or that someone is set out to not do something. As a result, because one is trying not to do something, it's probably not going to happen. Essentially, it is a very stiff and formal version of でしょう and だろう. While this form is practically never used in daily conversations, you might still hear it in movies, etc.

Verbs are conjugated to the negative volitional by simply attaching まい to the verb. Another alternative is to attach まい to the stem. The conjugation for the negative volitional is quite different from those we are used to because it is always the last conjugation to apply even for the masu-form. There is no way to conjugate まい to the masu-form, you simply attach まい to the masu-form conjugation.

Using まい to express a will to not do something

·     For ru-verbs: Attach「まい to the stem.
Example:
  → まい

·     For u-verbs: Attach まい to the end of the verb
Example:
行くまい

·     Exceptions:

1.    するするまい or しまい

2.    くるくるまい

·     This conjugation must always come last. For masu-form, attach まい to the masu-form verb.
Example:
 →  → なります → なりますまい

Examples

1.    相手は剣の達人だ。そう簡単には勝てまい
Your opponent is a master of the sword. I doubt you can win so easily.

2.    そんな無茶な手段は認めますまい
I won't approve of such an unreasonable method

We already learned that you could use the volitional form to say "let's" and to express an attempt do something. But that doesn't mean you can use the negative volitional to say "let's not" or "try not to". The tone of this grammar is one of very strong determination to not do something, as you can see in the following examples.

1.    その時までは決して彼に会うまいと心に決めていた
Until that time, I had decided in my heart to not meet him by any means.

2.    あの人は、二度と嘘をつくまいと誓ったのです
That person had sworn to never lie again.

In order to express "let's not", you can use the verb, やめる with the regular volitional. In order to express an effort to not do something, you can use ようにする with the negative verb.

1.    明日に行くのをやめよう
Let's not go tomorrow. (lit: Let's quit going tomorrow.)

2.    肉を食べないようにしている
Trying not to eat meat.

Using the volitional to express a lack of relation

Vocabulary

1.    食べる た・べる (ru-verb) - to eat

2.    行く い・く (u-verb) - to go

3.    あいつ - that guy (derogatory)

4.    大学 だい・がく - college

5.    入る はい・る (u-verb) - to enter

6.    おれ - me; myself; I (masculine)

7.    関係 かん・けい - relation, relationship

8.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

9.    時間 じ・かん - time

10.  合う あ・う (u-verb) - to match

11.  間に合う ま・に・あ・う - to be in time

12.  最近 さい・きん - recent; lately

13.  ウィルス - virus

14.  強力 きょう・りょく (na-adj) - powerful, strong

15.  プログラム - program

16.  実行 じっ・こう - execute

17.  する (exception) - to do

18.  ページ - page

19.  見る み・る (ru-verb) - to see

20.  感染 かん・せん - infection

We will now learn a grammar that's actually practical for everyday use using the negative volitional grammar. Basically, we can use both volitional and negative volitional forms to say it doesn't matter whether something is going to happen or not. This is done by attaching 「が」 to both the volitional and the negative volitional form of the verb that doesn't matter.

Using the volitional to express a lack of relation

·     Attach 「が」 to the volitional and negative volitional form of the verb.
Examples

1.    食べる食べよう、食べまい → 食べよう食べまい

2.    行くこう、行くまい → 行こう行くまい

Examples

1.    あいつが大学に入ろうが入るまいが、俺とは関係ないよ
Whether that guy is going to college or not, it has nothing to do with me.

2.    時間があろうがあるまいが、間に合わせるしかない
Whether there is time or not, there's nothing to do but make it on time.

3.    最近のウィルスは強力で、プログラムを実行しようがしまいが、ページを見るだけで感染するらしい
The viruses lately have been strong and whether you run a program or not, I hear it will spread just by looking at the page.

Using であろう to express likelihood

Vocabulary

1.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

2.    困難 こん・なん (na-adj) - difficulty, distress

3.    する (exception) - to do

4.    今後 こん・ご - hereafter

5.    ~年 【~ねん - counter for year

6.    人間 にん・げん - human

7.    直面 ちょく・めん - confrontation

8.    問題 もん・だい - problem

9.    正面 しょう・めん - front; facade

10.  向き合う む・き・あ・う (u-verb) - to face each other

11.  自ら みずか・ら - for one's self

12.  解決 かい・けつ - resolution

13.  はかる (u-verb) - to plan, to devise

14.  その - that abbr. of それの

15.  ノウハウ - know-how

16.  つぎ - next

17.  産業 さん・ぎょう - industry

18.  なる (u-verb) - to become

19.  シナリオ - scenario

20.  考える かんが・える (ru-verb) - to think

21.  もちろん - of course

22.  生徒数 せい・と・すう - number of students

23.  減少 げん・しょう - decline, reduction

24.  現在 げん・ざい - present time

25.  学科 がっ・か - course of study

26.  新設 しん・せつ - newly organized or established

27.  職業科 しょく・ぎょう・か - occupational studies

28.  統廃合 とう・はい・ごう - reorganization

29.  科内 か・ない - within study course

30.  コース - course

31.  改編 かい・へん - reorganization

32.  時代 じ・だい - period, era

33.  合う あ・う (u-verb) - to match

34.  変革 へん・かく - reform

35.  求める もと・める (ru-verb) - to request; to seek

We already found out that the negative volitional can be used as kind of a formal version of でしょう and だろう. You may wonder, how would you do the same thing for the volitional? The answer is to conjugate the verb ある from the formal state-of-being である to the volitional to produce であろう. Remember でしょう can already be used as a polite form, so this form is even a step above that in formality. We'll see what kind of language uses this form in the examples.

Using であろう to express likelihood

·     Attach であろう to the noun, adjective, or verb.
Examples

1.    困難困難であろう

2.    するするであろう

Examples

1.    今後50年、人間が直面するであろう問題に正面から向き合って、自ら解決をはかりつつ、そのノウハウが次の産業となるシナリオを考えたい。(from www.jkokuryo.com)
I would like to directly approach problems that humans have 
likely encounter the next 50 years and while devising solutions, take that knowledge and think about scenarios that will become the next industry.

2.    もちろん、生徒数減少の現在、学科の新設は困難であろうが、職業科の統廃合や科内コースの改編などで時代に合わせた変革が求められているはずである。(from www1.normanet.ne.jp)
Of course, setting up new courses of study will 
likely be difficult with this period of decreasing student population but with reorganizations of occupational studies and courses within subjects, there is supposed to be demand for reform fit for this period.

Using かろう as volitional for 「い」 endings

Vocabulary

1.    ある (u-verb) - to exist (inanimate)

2.    早い はや・い (i-adj) - fast; early

3.    どんな - what kind of

4.    商品 しょう・ひん - product

5.    ネット - net

6.    販売 はん・ばい - selling

7.    売上 うり・あげ - amount sold, sales

8.    伸びる の・びる (ru-verb) - to extend, to lengthen

9.    言う い・う (u-verb) - to say

10.  もの - object

11.  運動 うん・どう - exercise

12.  始める はじ・める (ru-verb) - to begin

13.  遅い おそ・い (i-adj) - late

14.  健康 けん・こう - health

15.  いい (i-adj) - good

16.  変わる か・わる(u-verb) - to change

17.  休日 きゅう・じつ - holiday, day off

18.  この - this abbr. of これの

19.  関係 かん・けい - relation, relationship

We learned in the lesson about formal grammar that ではない was the negative of である. So how would we say something like であろう but for the negative? The answer is to use yet another type of volitional for negatives and i-adjectives used only in formal and literary contexts. You can think of this grammar as a very old-fashioned version for i-adjectives and negative 「い」 endings.

The conjugation rule is simple: remove the last 「い」 and attach かろう. You can use it for negatives and i-adjectives just like the かった past conjugation form.

Using かろう to express volition for 「い」 endings

·     Drop the last 「い」 and attach かろう
Examples

1.    ではな → ではなかろう

2.     → かろう

Examples

1.    どんな商品でもネットで販売するだけで売上が伸びるというものではなかろう
It's not necessarily the case that sales go up just by selling any type of product on the net.

2.    運動を始めるのが早かろう遅かろうが、健康にいいというのは変わりません
Whether you start exercising early or late, the fact that it's good for your health doesn't change.

3.    休日であろうが、なかろうが、この仕事では関係ないみたい
Whether it's a holiday or not, it looks like it doesn't matter for this job.

 

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Basic grammar

  • 1 :Addressing People
  • 2 :Adjective Practice Exercises
  • 3 :Adjectives
  • 4 :Advanced proximity of actions
  • 5 :Advanced Topics
  • 6 :Advanced Volitional
  • 7 :Adverbs and Sentence-ending particles
  • 8 :Basic Grammar
  • 9 :Casual Patterns and Slang
  • 10 :Causative and Passive Verbs
  • 11 :Compound Sentences
  • 12 :Conditionals
  • 13 :Covered by something
  • 14 :Defining and Describing
  • 15 :Desire and Suggestions
  • 16 :Essential Grammar
  • 17 :Expressing amounts
  • 18 :Expressing must or have to
  • 19 :Expressing State-of-Being
  • 20 :Expressing the minimum expectation
  • 21 :Expressing time-specific actions
  • 22 :Expressing various levels of certainty
  • 23 :Formal expressions of non-feasibility
  • 24 :Formal Expressions
  • 25 :Giving and Receiving
  • 26 :Hiragana
  • 27 :Honorific and Humble Forms
  • 28 :Hypothesizing and Concluding
  • 29 :Introduction to Particles
  • 30 :Introduction
  • 31 :Kanji
  • 32 :Katakana
  • 33 :Leaving something the way it is
  • 34 :Making requests
  • 35 :More negative verbs
  • 36 :Negative Verb Practice Exercises
  • 37 :Negative Verbs
  • 38 :Noun-related Particles
  • 39 :Numbers and Counting
  • 40 :Other Grammar
  • 41 :Other uses of the te-form
  • 42 :Particles used with verbs
  • 43 :Past Tense
  • 44 :Past Verb Practice Exercises
  • 45 :Performing an action on a relative clause
  • 46 :Polite Form and Verb Stems
  • 47 :Potential Form
  • 48 :Relative Clauses and Sentence Order
  • 49 :Review and more sentence-ending particles
  • 50 :Saying something is easy or difficult to do
  • 51 :Showing signs of something
  • 52 :Special expressions with generic nouns
  • 53 :Special Expressions
  • 54 :Tendencies
  • 55 :The Question Marker
  • 56 :The Writing System
  • 57 :Things that happen unintentionally
  • 58 :Things that should be a certain way
  • 59 :Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
  • 60 :Trying something out or attempting to do something
  • 61 :Using suru and naru with the ni particle
  • 62 :Using yoru for comparisons and other functions
  • 63 :Various ways to express similarity and hearsay
  • 64 :Verb Basics
  • 65 :Verb Practice Exercises